Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 5 , Pages 533-544 , May 2009

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Versus an Active Control for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Trial

,Accepted 23 December 2008.

References 

  1. Kendall PC . Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomized clinical trial . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1994;62:100–110
  2. Cartwright-Hatton S , Roberts C , Chitsabesan P , Fothergill C , Harrington R . Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders . Br J Clin Psychol . 2004;43:421–436
  3. Hudson JL , Rapee RM . From temperament to disorder: an etiological model of generalized anxiety disorder . In:  Heimberg RG ,  Turk CC ,  Menin DS editor. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice . New York: Guildford Press; 2004;
  4. Luborsky L , Singer B , Luborsky E . Comparative studies of psychotherapies. Is it true that everyone has won and all must have prizes . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1975;32:995–1008
  5. Shirk SR , Karver M . Prediction of treatment outcome from relationship variables in child and adolescent therapy: a meta-analytic review . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2003;71:452–464
  6. Lambert MJ , Barley DE . Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome . Psychotherapy . 2001;38:357–361
  7. Kendall PC , Hudson JL , Gosch E , Flannery-Schroeder E , Suveg C . Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: a randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2008;76:282–297
  8. Last CG , Hansen C , Franco N . Cognitive-behavioral treatment of school phobia . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 1998;37:404–411
  9. Silverman WK , Kurtines WM , Ginsburg GS , Weems CF , Rabian B , Serafini LT . Contingency management, self-control, and education support in the treatment of childhood phobic disorders: a randomized clinical trial . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1999;67:675–687
  10. Beidel DC , Turner SM , Morris TL . Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2000;68:1072–1080
  11. Muris P , Meesters C , van Melick M . Treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a preliminary comparison between cognitive-behavioral group therapy and a psychological placebo intervention . J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry . 2002;33:143–158
  12. American Psychiatric Association  . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . 4th ed.. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2004;
  13. Silverman WK , Albano AM . The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children for DSM-IV: Child and Parent Versions . San Antonia: Psychological Corporation; 1996;
  14. Spence SH . A measure of anxiety symptoms among children . Behav Res Ther . 1998;36:545–566
  15. Nauta MH , Scholing A , Rapee RM , Abbott M , Spence SH , Waters A . A parent-report measure of children's anxiety: psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinic and normal sample . Behav Res Ther . 2004;42:813–839
  16. Goodman R . The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1997;38:581–586
  17. Goodman R , Scott S . Comparing the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: is small beautiful? . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1999;27:17–24
  18. Goodman R . Psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2001;40:1337–1345
  19. Lyneham HJ , Abbott MJ , Wignall A , Raper RM . The Cool Kids Anxiety Treatment Program . Sydney: MUARU, Macqaurie University; 2003;
  20. Rapee RM , Abbott MJ , Lyneham HJ . Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: a randomized controlled trial . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2006;74:436–444
  21. Lyneham HJ , Abbott MJ , Rapee RM . Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children . Behav Res Ther . 2006;44:1287–1300
  22. Borkovec TD , Nau SD . Credibility of analogue therapy rationales . J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry . 1972;3:257–260
  23. Southam-Gerow M , Kendall PC . Manual for the Protocol Adherence Checklist-Modified . Philadelphia: Temple University; 2002;
  24. Rapee RM , Spence SH , Cobham V , Wignall AM . Helping Your Anxious Child: A Step-by-Step Guide for Parents . Oakland: New Harbinger; 2000;
  25. Brown H , Prescott R . Applied Mixed Models in Medicine . 2nd ed.. Southern Gate: Wiley & Sons; 2006;
  26. Rausch JR , Maxwell SE , Kelley K . Analytic methods for questions pertaining to a randomized pretest, posttest, follow-up design . J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol . 2003;32:467–486
  27. Muris P , Meesters C , Gobel M . Cognitive coping versus emotional disclosure in the treatment of anxious children: a pilot-study . Cogn Behav Ther . 2002;31:59–67
  28. McLeod BD , Weisz JR . The Therapy Process Observational Coding System Alliance Scale: measure characteristics and prediction of outcome in usual clinical practice . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2005;73:323–333
  29. Reference deleted in proof.
  30. Cole DA , Truglio R , Peeke L . Relation between symptoms of anxiety and depression in children: a multitrait-multimethod-multigroup assessment . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1997;65:110–119
  31. Joiner TE , Schmidt KL , Schmidt NB . Low-end specificity of childhood measures of emotional distress: differential effects for depression and anxiety . J Pers Assess . 1996;67:258–271
  32. Dadds MR , Perrin S , Yule W . Social desirability and self-reported anxiety in children: an analysis of the RCMAS Lie Scale . J Abnorm Child Psychol . 1998;26:311–317
  33. Barrett PM , Dadds MR , Rapee RM . Family treatment of childhood anxiety: a controlled trial . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1996;64:333–342
  34. Flannery-Schroeder EC , Kendall PC . Group and individual cognitive-behavioral treatments for youth with anxiety disorders: a randomized clinical trial . Cogn Ther Res . 2000;24:251–278
  35. De Los Reyes A , Kazdin AE . Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: a critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study . Psychol Bull . 2005;131:483–509
  36. Comer JS , Kendall PC . A symptom-level examination of parent-child agreement in the diagnosis of anxious youths . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2004;43:878–886

 The authors are with the Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.The research was supported by a Macquarie University internal grant.The authors thank Dr. Alan Taylor for assisting with the statistical analyses. The authors also thank the staff and therapists at the Macquarie University Anxiety Research Unit in collecting these data, including Jonathon Gaston, Joel Roast, Leigh Carpenter, Josephine Farrell, Lee Taylor, Jacqueline Frei, and Danielle Ellis.Clinical trial registration information—Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). URL: http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12608000522314.aspx. Unique identifier: ACTRN12608000522314.

PII: S0890-8567(09)60070-8

doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c2401

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 5 , Pages 533-544 , May 2009