Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 7 , Pages 740-748 , July 2009

Second Opinions Improve ADHD Prescribing in a Medicaid-Insured Community Population

,Accepted 14 January 2009.

References 

  1. Mayes R , Bagwell C , Erkulwater J . ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children . Harv Rev Psychiatry . 2008;16:151–166
  2. Zuvekas SH , Vitiello B , Norquist GS . Recent trends in stimulant medication use among U.S. children . Am J Psychiatry . 2006;163:579–585
  3. Brown RT , Amler RW , Freeman WS , et al.   Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: overview of the evidence . Pediatrics . 2005;115:e749–e757
  4. Goldman LS , Genel M , Bezman RJ , Slanetz PJ . Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association . JAMA . 1998;279:1100–1107
  5. Angold A , Erkanli A , Egger HL , Costello EJ . Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2000;39:975–984 discussion 984–994.
  6. Foy JM , Earls MF . A process for developing community consensus regarding the diagnosis and management of attention-deficit/hyperactiv-ity disorder . Pediatrics . 2005;115:e97–e104
  7. Bernfort L , Nordfeldt S , Persson J . ADHD from a socio-economic perspective . Acta Paediatr . 2008;97:239–245
  8. Manos MJ , Tom-Revzon C , Bukstein OG , Crismon ML . Changes and challenges: managing ADHD in a fast-paced world . J Manag Care Pharm . 2007;13(9 Suppl B):S2–S13 quiz S14–S16.
  9. Thomas C , Hypponen E , Power C . Obesity and type 2 diabetes risk in midadult life: the role of childhood adversity . Pediatrics . 2008;121:e1240–e1249
  10. Kessler RC , Adler L , Barkley R , et al.   The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Am J Psychiatry . 2006;163:716–723
  11. Pelham WE , Gnagy EM , Burrows-Maclean L . Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings . Pediatrics . 2001;107:E105
  12. Sung V , Hiscock H , Sciberras E , Efron D . Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: prevalence and the effect on the child and family . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2008;162:336–342
  13. Reiersen AM , Todd RD . Co-occurrence of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: phenomenology and treatment . Expert Rev Neurother . 2008;8:657–669
  14. Schneider H , Eisenberg D . Who receives a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States elementary school population? . Pediatrics . 2006;117:e601–e609
  15. Jadad AR , Booker L , Gauld M , et al.   The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and metaanalyses . Can J Psychiatry . 1999;44:1025–1035
  16. Schachter HM , Pham B , King J , Langford S , Moher D . How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis . CMAJ . 2001;165:1475–1488
  17. McDonagh M , Peterson KS , Dana T , Thakurta S . Drug Class Review on Pharmacologic Treatments for ADHD Final Report . Portland: Oregon Health and Science University; 2007;
  18. King S , Griffin S , Hodges Z , et al.   A systematic review and economic model of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate, dexamfetamine and atomoxetine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents . Health Technol Assess . 2006;10:iii–iiv xiiiY146.
  19. Vitiello B . Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities . Pediatrics . 2001;108:983–989
  20. Spetie L , Arnold LE . Ethical issues in child psychopharmacology research and practice: emphasis on preschoolers . Psychopharmacology (Berl) . 2007;191:15–26
  21. Vandereycken W . [Bitter and gilded pills: psychiatry in the light (or shadow) of the pharmaceutical industry] . Tijdschr Psychiatr . 2006;48:119–129
  22. Services TDoSH. Psychotropic Medication Utilization Parameters for Foster Children . Version 061221 http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/mhprograms/pdf/PsychotropicMedicationUtilizationParametersFosterChildren.pdf Accessed Aug 17, 2008.
  23. Representatives Dickerson, Kagi, Haler et al. AN ACT Relating to children's mental health services. Second Substitute House BilI 1088. 2007.
  24. Senators Deccio, Thibaudeau, Winsley, Swecker, Franklin. Senate Bill 6088. 2005.
  25. Senators Deccio, Thibaudeau, Winsley, Swecker, Franklin. Making prescription drugs more affordable to certain groups. Senate Bill 6088, Washington state; 2003.
  26. Washington Prescription Drug Program . http://www.rx.wa.gov/ Accessed December 30, 2008.
  27. Cox ER , Motheral BR , Henderson RR , Mager D . Geographic variation in the prevalence of stimulant medication use among children 5 to 14 years old: results from a commercially insured US sample . Pediatrics . 2003;111:237–243
  28. Bruns EJ , Hoagwood KE , Rivard JC , Wotring J , Marsenich L , Carter B . State implementation of evidence-based practice for youths, part II: recommendations for research and policy . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2008;47:499–504
  29. Bruns EJ , Hoagwood KE . State implementation of evidence-based practice for youths, Part I: responses to the state of the evidence . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry . 2008;47:369–373
  30. Harpaz-Rotem I , Rosenheck RA . Prescribing practices of psychiatrists and primary care physicians caring for children with mental illness . Child Care Health Dev . 2006;32:225–237
  31. Kuhlthau K , Nyman RM , Ferris TG , Beal AC , Perrin JM . Correlates of use of specialty care . Pediatrics . 2004;113(3 Pt 1):e249–e255
  32. Rushton JL , Fant KE , Clark SJ . Use of practice guidelines in the primary care of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Pediatrics . 2004;114:e23–e28
  33. Representatives Dickerson, Kagi, Haler et al. Improving delivery of children's mental health services. House Bill 1088. Vol. RCW 71.36.005, Washington state; 2007.

 All activities outlined in this article were funded with state and federal funds through the Washington State Medicaidprogram.The views in this article do not constitute official policies of the state of Washington or the federal government.The authors thank the dedicated staff of Washington's Department of Social and Health Services for their tireless work in assisting Medicaid clients and balancing clinical and administrative complexities.

PII: S0890-8567(09)60111-8

doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181a2b2ed

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 7 , Pages 740-748 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution