Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 399-405 , April 2008

Change in Adolescents' Internalizing Symptomatology as a Function of Sex and the Timing of Maternal Depressive Symptomatology

  • JENNIFER M. JENKINS, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Dr. Jennifer Jenkins, Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto M5S 1V6, ON, Canada;.
  • ,
  • TRACEY CURWEN, Ph.D.

,Accepted 4 October 2007.

REFERENCES 

  1. Harrington R. Affective disorders. In:  Rutter M,  Taylor E editor. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 4th ed. London: Blackwell; 2002;p. 463–485
  2. Aalto-Setala T, Marttunen M, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Poikolainen K, Lonnqvist J. Depressive symptoms in adolescence as predictors of early adulthood depressive disorders and maladjustment. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1235–1237
  3. Hammen C, Garber J. Vulnerability to depression across the lifespan. In:  Ingram RE,  Price JM editor. Vulnerability to Psychopathology: Risk Across the Lifespan. New York: Guilford; 2001;p. 258–267
  4. Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V, Harrington R, Rutter M. The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. I: Psychiatric outcomes in adulthood. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;179:210–217
  5. Boyle M, Offord D, Racine Y, Szatmari P, Sanford M, Fleming JE. Adequacy of interviews versus checklists for classifying child psychiatric disorder based on parental report. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:793–799
  6. Garber J, Keiley MK, Martin NC. Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms predictors of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:79–95
  7. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implication. Clin Psychol Rev. 1998;18:765–794
  8. Cairney J. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression among Canadian adolescents. Can J Public Health. 1998;89:181–182
  9. Ge X, Lorenz FO, Conger RD, Elder GH, Simons RL. Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Dev Psychol. 1994;30:467–483
  10. Holsen I, Kraft P, Vitterso J. Stability in depressed mood in adolescence: results from a 6-year longitudinal panel study. J Adolesc. 2000;29:61–78
  11. Wade TJ, Cairney J, Pevalin DJ. Emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence: national panel results from three countries. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:190–204
  12. Angold A, Costello J, Worthman CM. Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychol Med. 1998;28:51–61
  13. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey: I. Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and recurrence. J Affect Disord. 1993;30:85–96
  14. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Maternal depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1995;36:1161–1178
  15. Stein D, Williamson DE, Birmaher B, et al. Parent-child bonding and family functioning in depressed children and children at high risk and low risk for future depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:1387–1395
  16. Sheeber L, Davis B, Hops H. Gender-specific vulnerability to depression in children of depressed mothers. In:  Goodman S,  Gotlib I editor. Children of Depressed Parents: Mechanisms of Risk and Implication for Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2002;p. 253–274
  17. Goodman SH, Gotlib IH. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychol Rev. 1999;106:458–490
  18. Hammen C, Brennan PA. Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnosis in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:253–258
  19. Essex MJ, Klein MH, Cho E, Kraemer HC. Exposure to maternal depression and marital conflict: gender differences in children's later mental health symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:728–737
  20. Gelman A, Meng X. Applied Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference From Incomplete-Data Perspectives: An Essential Journey With Donald Rubin's Statistical Family. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2004;
  21. Brown T. Temporal course and structural relationships among dimensions of temperament and DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorder constructs. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116:313–328
  22. National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth . User's Handbook and Microdata Guide. Ottawa: Statistics Canada and Human Resources Canada; 1995;
  23. Boyle M, Offord D, Hoffman H, et al. Ontario Child Health Study: I. Methodology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:826–831
  24. Boyle M, Offord D, Racine Y, et al. Evaluation of the original Ontario Child Health Study scales. Can J Psychiatry. 1993;38:397–405
  25. Fleming JE, Boyle M, Offord D. The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario Child Health Study Follow-up. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1993;32:28–33
  26. Radloff LS. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth Adolescence. 1991;20:149–165
  27. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. J Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401
  28. Poulin C, Hand D, Boudreau B. Validity of the 12-item version of the CES-D used in the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth. Chronic Dis Can. 2005;26:24–29
  29. Schafer JL, Graham JW. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychol Methods. 2002;7:147–177
  30. Browne W. Multivariate normal response models and missing data. In: MCMC Estimation in MlwiN. London: Institute of Education; 2003;
  31. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear MK. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: a theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;57:21–27
  32. Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G. Gender differences in depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:486–492
  33. Crick NR, Zahn-Wexler C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: current progress and future challenges. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15:719–742
  34. Rutter M, Silberg J, O'Connor T, Simonoff E. Genetics and child psychiatry: II. Empirical research findings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:19–56
  35. Rutter M. Commentary: nature-nurture interplay in emotional disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003;44:934–944

 Accepted October 4, 2007, under the Editorship of Mina K. Dulcan, M.D.We are grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for funding the project. Thanks to Richard Wolfe and Jon Rasbash for advice on statistical analyses in an earlier draft and to a blind reviewer. We are grateful to Statistics Canada and the Research Data Centre Program for providing access to the data. Although the research and analysis are based on data from Statistics Canada, the opinions expressed do not represent the views of Statistics Canada.Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

PII: S0890-8567(09)62395-9

doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816407db

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 399-405 , April 2008