Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 5 , Pages 491-498 , May 2008

Pharmacotherapy in the Management of Voiding and Storage Disorders, Including Enuresis and Encopresis

  • WILLIAM G. REINER, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Dr. William G. Reiner, Department of Urology and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, WP 3150, 920 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104;.
    • ,
  • Christopher J. Kratochvil, M.D. (Assistant Editor)

,Accepted 17 November 2007.

REFERENCES 

    Asterisks indicate key references.
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  4. * Neveus T, von Gontard A, Hoebeke P, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: report from the Standardisation Committee of the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2006;176:314–324
  5. * Norgaard JP, Djurhuus JC, Watanabe H, Stenberg A, Lettgen B. Experience and current status of research into the pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol. 1997;79:825–835
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  7. Reiner W. Elimination disorders: enuresis and encopresis. In:  Martin LS,  Charney DS,  Leckman JF editor. Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003;p. 686–698
  8. Shaffer D. Enuresis. In:  Rutter M,  Taylor E,  Hersov L editor. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Modern Approaches. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1994;p. 505–519
  9. Bradley WE, Rockswold GL, Timm GW, Scott FB. Neurology of micturition. J Urol. 1976;115:481–486
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  15. Flink R. Clinical neurophysiological methods for investigating the lower urinary tract in patients with micturition disorders. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1997;166:50–58
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  17. Klausner AP, Steers WD. Corticotropin releasing factor: a mediator of emotional influences on bladder function. J Urol. 2004;172:2570–2573
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 Psychopharmacology Perspectives aims to discuss practical approaches to everyday issues in pediatric pharmacotherapy. The discussions may address aspects of clinical care related to psychopharmacology for which we do not have adequate applicable controlled trials. Given the need to address symptoms in youths with often complex, severe, and comorbid disorders, recommendations are likely to be off-label from the perspective of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We fully appreciate that for virtually all disorders, medication is only one aspect of comprehensive care. This column focuses primarily on psychopharmacological management. Although it is important that clinicians address psychosocial issues in the evaluation and treatment of their patients, such discussion is beyond the specific scope of this feature. These are not meant to be practice guidelines, but rather examples of the thought process that may go into pharmacotherapy decision making.Disclosure: The author reports no conflicts of interest.

PII: S0890-8567(09)62414-X

doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816774c5

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 5 , Pages 491-498 , May 2008

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