Childhood and Adolescent Depression: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part I
Accepted 4 January 1996.
ABSTRACT
Objective
To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD).
Method
A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented.
Results
Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates.
Conclusions
Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.
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From the Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
Reprint requests to Dr. Birmaher, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
This is the fifth in a series of 10-year updates in child and adolescent psychiatry. Topics are selected in consultation with the AACAP Committee on Recertification, both for the importance of new research and its clinical or developmental significance. The authors have been asked to place an asterisk before the five or six most seminal references.
J. McD.
This article is dedicated to the memory of our teacher and friend, Dr. Joaquim Puig-Antich. This article was supported in part byNIMHgrantMH46894to Dr. Boris Birmaher. The authors thank Therese Deiseroth and Mary Dulgeroff for their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
ABSTRACT