Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 388-396 , April 2010

Clinical, Demographic, and Familial Correlates of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders Among Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder

  • Benjamin I. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Dr. Benjamin Goldstein, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, FG-53, Toronto, ON, M4N-3M5, Canada
    • ,
  • Wael Shamseddeen, M.D., M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • David A. Axelson, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Cathy Kalas, R.N.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Kelly Monk, R.N.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • David A. Brent, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • David J. Kupfer, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
    • ,
  • Boris Birmaher, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

,Accepted 12 January 2010.

References 

  1. Lapalme M, Hodgins S, LaRoche C, et al. Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a metaanalysis of risk for mental disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 1997;42:623–631
  2. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, et al. Lifetime Psychiatric Disorders in School-aged Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder: The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:287–296
  3. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Genetics (Manic Depressive Illness). In: New York: Oxford University Press; 2007;p. 411–461
  4. Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, et al. Advancing Paternal Age and Bipolar Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1034–1040
  5. Helzer JE, Winokur G. A family interview study of male manic depressives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;31:73–77
  6. Nomura Y, Wickramaratne PJ, Pilowsky DJ, et al. Low birth weight and risk of affective disorders and selected medical illness in offspring at high and low risk for depression. Comp Psychiatry. 2007;48:470–478
  7. Singh MK, DelBello MP, Soutullo C, et al. Obstetrical complications in children at high risk for bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:680–685
  8. Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Nadimpalli SS, O'Connor MM, Sweeney JA. Biological risk factors in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:936–941
  9. Wals M, Reichart CG, Hillegers MHJ, et al. Impact of birth weight and genetic liability on psychopathology in children of bipolar parents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1116–1121
  10. Fuller Torrey E, Rawlings RR, Ennis JM, Merrill DD, Flores DS. Birth seasonality in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and stillbirths. Schizophrenia Res. 1996;21:141–149
  11. Levitan RD, Parikh SV, Lesage AD, et al. Major depression in individuals with a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse: relationship to neurovegetative features, mania, and gender. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1746–1752
  12. Laroche C, Sheiner R, Lester E, et al. Children of parents with manic-depressive illness: a follow-up study. Can J Psychiatry. 1987;32:563–569
  13. Rice J, Reich T, Andreasen NC, et al. The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:441–447
  14. Keller MB, Beardslee WR, Dorer DJ, et al. Impact of severity and chronicity of parental affective illness on adaptive functioning and psychopathology in children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:930–937
  15. Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Christodorescu D, Jipescu I, et al. Psychopathology in children aged 10-17 of bipolar parents: Psychopathology rate and correlates of the severity of the psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 1989;16:167–179
  16. Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Fusee C, Grof P. Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes among adolescent children of parents with lithium-responsive or lithium-nonresponsive bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:431–433
  17. Chang KD, Steiner H, Ketter TA. Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:453–460
  18. Gershon ES, Hamovit J, Guroff JJ, et al. A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:1157–1167
  19. Anne D, Martin A, Leah C, Robert M, Paul G. The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:828–838
  20. Hillegers MH, Reichart CG, Wals M, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, Nolen WA. Five-year prospective outcome of psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:344–350
  21. Shaw JA, Egeland JA, Endicott J, Allen CR, Hostetter AM. A 10-year prospective study of prodromal patterns for bipolar disorder among Amish youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:1104–1111
  22. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brook JS, et al. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1679–1681
  23. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, et al. The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) (I: history, rationale, and description). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:624–629
  24. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:980–988
  25. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, et al. The family history method using diagnostic criteria (Reliability and validity). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34:1229–1235
  26. Axelson D, Birmaher BJ, Brent D, et al. A preliminary study of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children mania rating scale for children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13:463–470
  27. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M, et al. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:175–183
  28. Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M, et al. Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1139–1148
  29. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, et al. Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;166:795–804
  30. Petersen AC, Crockett L, Richards M, Boxer A. A self-report measure of pubertal status: reliability, validity, and initial norms. J Youth Adolesc. 1988;17:117–133
  31. Hollingshead A. Four-Factor Index of Social Status. New Haven: Yale University; 1975;
  32. Reichart CG, Nolen WA. Earlier onset of bipolar disorder in children by antidepressants or stimulants? (An hypothesis). J Affect Disord. 2004;78:81–84
  33. Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR, et al. Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:454–463
  34. Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Green J, et al. National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement (NCS-A): III. Concordance of DSM-IV/CIDI diagnoses with clinical reassessments. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:386–399
  35. Leibenluft E, Rich BA. Pediatric bipolar disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:163–187
  36. Menezes PR, Lewis G, Rasmussen F, et al. Paternal and maternal ages at conception and risk of bipolar affective disorder in their offspring. Psychol Med. 2006;23:1–9
  37. Zuravian SJ. Child maltreatment and teenage firstbirths: a relationship mediated by chronic sociodemographic stress?. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1988;58:91–103
  38. Bolton FG. The Pregnant Adolescent: Problems of Premature Parenthood. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications; 1980;
  39. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Tohen M, Tramer S. Pre- and perinatal complications and risk for bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. J Affect Disord. 1998;50:117–124
  40. Browne R, Byrne M, Morris M, et al. Labour and delivery complications at birth and later mania: an Irish case register study. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:369–371
  41. Leverich GS, McElroy SL, Suppes T, et al. Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an adverse course of bipolar illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;15:288–29751
  42. Garno JL, Goldberg JF, Ramirez PM, Ritzler BA. Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:121–125
  43. Williamson DE, Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Ryan ND, Dahl RE. First episode of depression in children at low and high familial risk for depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:291–297
  44. Warner V, Mufson L, Weissman MM, et al. Offspring at high and low risk for depression and anxiety: mechanisms of psychiatric disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:786–797
  45. Beardslee WR, Keller MB, Seifer R, et al. Prediction of adolescent affective disorder: effects of prior parental affective disorders and child psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:279–288
  46. Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, et al. A prospective 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:437–446
  47. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, et al. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys (Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:565–576
  48. Tillman R, Geller B, Tillman R, Geller B. Controlled study of switching from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype during 6-year prospective follow-up: rate, risk, and predictors. Dev Psychopathol. 2006;18:1037–1053
  49. Biederman J, Petty CR, Dolan C, et al. The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study. Psychol Med. 2008;38:1027–1036
  50. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, et al. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:709–717
  51. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brook JS. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1679–1681
  52. Duffy A, Alda M, Crawford L, et al. The early manifestations of bipolar disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:828–838
  53. Henin A, Biederman J, Mick E, et al. Childhood antecedent disorders to bipolar disorder in adults: a controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2007;99:51–57
  54. Goldstein BI, Levitt AJ. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar I disorder among adults with primary youth-onset anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2007;103:187–195
  55. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, Wozniak J, Spencer T. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype?. [see comment] J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1378–1387discussion 1387-1390

 This article is discussed in an editorial by Dr. Robert Althoff on page 302.

 This work was supported by National Institutes of Mental Health grants MH60952 (primary investigator, Boris Birmaher, M.D.).

 Disclosure: Dr. Birmaher has received research support from the National Institutes of Mental Health. He serves as a consultant for Schering Plough. He receives royalties from Random House, Inc., and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Drs. Goldstein, Axelson, Brent, Shamseddeen, and Kupfer, and Ms. Kalas, and Ms. Monk report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

PII: S0890-8567(10)00085-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.009

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 388-396 , April 2010

Article Tools