Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 9 , Pages 884-897 , September 2010

Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

  • Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
    • Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
    • ,
  • Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
    • Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
    • ,
  • Stephan Ripke, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
    • Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
    • ,
  • Philip Asherson, M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London, UK
    • ,
  • Barbara Franke, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Klaus-Peter Lesch, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to Dr. Stephen V. Faraone, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210
    • ,
  • Thuy Trang Nguyen, Dipl. Math. oec.

      Affiliations

    • Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr. Marburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Helmut Schäfer, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Institut fuer Med. Biometrie und Epidemiologie Philipps-Universitaet Marburg Bunsenstr. Marburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Peter Holmans, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
    • ,
  • Mark Daly, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
    • Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
    • ,
  • Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, M.D., Ph.D., D.M.Sc.

      Affiliations

    • University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    • Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
    • Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
    • ,
  • Christine Freitag, M.D., M.A.

      Affiliations

    • JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
    • ,
  • Andreas Reif, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Tobias J. Renner, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Marcel Romanos, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Jasmin Romanos, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Susanne Walitza, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Andreas Warnke, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
    • ,
  • Jobst Meyer, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
    • ,
  • Haukur Palmason, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
    • ,
  • Jan Buitelaar, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Alejandro Arias Vasquez, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Michael Gill, Mb B.Ch. B.A.O., M.D., M.R.C.Psych., F.T.C.D.

      Affiliations

    • Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
    • ,
  • Richard J.L. Anney, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
    • ,
  • Kate Langely, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
    • ,
  • Michael O'Donovan, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Nigel Williams, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
    • ,
  • Michael Owen, Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
    • ,
  • Anita Thapar, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
    • ,
  • Lindsey Kent, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Bute Medical School, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
    • ,
  • Joseph Sergeant, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Herbert Roeyers, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium
    • ,
  • Eric Mick, Sc.D.

      Affiliations

    • Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Ghent University, Dunantlaan, Ghent, Belgium
    • ,
  • Joseph Biederman, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
    • Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
    • ,
  • Alysa Doyle, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Bute Medical School, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
    • Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Susan Smalley, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Sandra Loo, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
    • University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
    • ,
  • Josephine Elia, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
    • ,
  • Alexandre Todorov, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
    • ,
  • Ana Miranda, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Valencia, Spain
    • ,
  • Fernando Mulas, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • La Fe University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Valencia, Spain
    • ,
  • Richard P. Ebstein, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Singapore and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
    • ,
  • Aribert Rothenberger, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of Goettingen, Germany
    • ,
  • Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
    • ,
  • Robert D. Oades, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
    • ,
  • Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Kings' College London, UK
    • School of Psychology, Institute for Disorder on Impulse and Attention, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton
    • Child Study Center, New York University, New York, NY
    • ,
  • James McGough, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Laura Nisenbaum, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN
    • ,
  • Frank Middleton, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Xiaolan Hu, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Pfizer, Molecular Medicine, Groton, CT
    • ,
  • Stan Nelson, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
    • ,
  • Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD Subgroup

,Accepted 16 June 2010.

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 This article is discussed in an editorial by Drs. James J. Hudziak and Stephen V. Faraone on page 729 of the August 2010 issue.

 This article was reviewed under and accepted by Ad Hoc Editor Robert Althoff, M.D., Ph.D.

 This project was supported by the following grants: US National of Institute of Health GrantsR13MH059126, R01MH62873, U01MH085518 and R01MH081803 to S.V. Faraone, U01MH085515 to M. Daly K23MH066275-01 to J. Elia; and R01MH58277 to S. Smalley; Institutional Development Award to the Center for Applied Genomics from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to H. Hakonarson. Affymetrix Power Award, 2007 to B. Franke; NHMRC (Australia) and Sidney Sax Public Health Fellowship (443036) to S.E. Medland; Wellcome Trust, UK for sample collection to L Kent. UMC Utrecht Genvlag Grant and Internal Grant of Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre to J. Buitelaar, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 125, SFB 581, GRK 1156 to K.P. Lesch, ME 1923/5-1, ME 1923/5-3, GRK 1389 to C. Freitag and J. Meyer, SCHA 542/10-3 to H. Schäfer) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF 01GV0605 to K.P. Lesch). Additional analytical support was from Foundation for the NIH and R01MH080403 (PI Sullivan). All computational work was conducted on the Genetic Cluster Computer (the Netherlands) which is funded by an NWO Medium Investment grant (480-05-003, PI Posthuma), the Faculty of Psychology and Education of VU University (Amsterdam), and by the Dutch Brain Foundation (PI Ophoff) and is hosted by the Dutch National Computing and Networking Services.

 This is one of several articles published in the August and September issues of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry that explores the intersection of genetics and mental health disorders in children and adolescents. The editors invite the reader to investigate the additional articles on this burgeoning area of developmental psychopathology.

 The Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD Subgroup consists of: Writing team: Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D. (team leader), Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D., Stephan Ripke, M.D., Philip Asherson, M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Barbara Franke, Ph.D., Klaus-Peter Lesch, M.D., Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D.; Data Analysis team: Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D. (team leader), Stephan Ripke, M.D., Thuy Trang Nguyen, Dipl. Math. oec, Helmut Schäfer, Ph.D., Peter Holmans, Ph.D., Mark Daly, Ph.D., Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D. (chair); Data Collection Team: Hans-Christoph Steinhausen, M.D., Ph.D., D.M.Sc., Klaus-Peter Lesch, M.D., Christine Freitag, M.D., M.A.; Andreas Reif, M.D., Tobias J. Renner, M.D., Marcel Romanos, M.D., Jasmin Romanos, M.D., Susanne Walitza, M.D., Andreas Warnke, M.D., Ph.D., Thuy Trang Nguyen, Dipl. Math. oec, Helmut Schäfer, Ph.D., Jobst Meyer, Ph.D., Haukur Palmason, Ph.D., Jan Buitelaar, M.D., Barbara Franke, Ph.D., Alejandro Arias Vasquez, Ph.D., Nanda Lambregts-Rommelse, Ph.D., Michael Gill, Mb B.Ch. B.A.O., M.D., M.R.C.Psych., F.T.C.D., Richard J.L. Anney, Ph.D., Kate Langely, Ph.D., Michael O'Donovan, F.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Nigel Williams, Ph.D., Peter Holmans, Ph.D., Michael Owen, Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych., Anita Thapar, M.D., Lindsey Kent, M.D., Ph.D., Joseph Sergeant, Ph.D., Herbert Roeyers, M.D., Ph.D., Philip Asherson, M.R.C.Psych., Ph.D., Eric Mick, Sc.D, Joseph Biederman, M.D., Alysa Doyle, Ph.D., Susan Smalley, Ph.D., Sandra Loo, Ph.D., Hakon Hakonarson, M.D., Ph.D., Josephine Elia, M.D., Alexandre Todorov, Ph.D., Ana Miranda, M.D., Fernando Mulas, M.D., Ph.D., Richard P. Ebstein, Ph.D., Aribert Rothenberger, M.D., Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., Robert D. Oades, Ph.D., Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Ph.D., James McGough, M.D., Laura Nisenbaum, Ph.D., Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D. (Chair); Molecular Genetics team: Frank Middleton, Ph.D., Xiaolan Hu, Ph.D., Stan Nelson, M.D.; Project Management team: Anita Thapar, M.D., James McGough, M.D., Eric Mick, Sc.D, Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D., Stephen V. Faraone, Ph.D. (Chair); Statistical experts: Benjamin M. Neale, Ph.D. Mark Daly, Ph.D.

 Disclosure: Dr. Buitelaar has, in the past 3 years, served as a consultant to, member of the advisory board, and/or served on the speakers' bureau for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly and Co., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Organon/Shering Plough, UCB, Shire, Medice, and Servier. Dr. Faraone has, in the past year, received consulting fees and has served on advisory boards for Eli Lilly and Co., Ortho-McNeil, and Shire Development, and has received research support from Eli Lilly and Co., Pfizer, Shire, and the National Institutes of Health. In previous years, Dr. Faraone has received consulting fees, served on advisory boards, or been a speaker for Shire, McNeil, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and Eli Lilly and Co. In previous years he has received research support from Eli Lilly and Co., Shire, Pfizer, and the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Banaschewski has served on the Advisory Board or as a consultant for Desitin, Eli Lilly and Co., Medice, Novartis, Pfizer, Shire, UCB, and Viforpharma. He received conference attendance support or served on the speakers' bureau for Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen McNeil, Medice, Novartis, and UCB. He is or has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Eli Lilly and Co., Shire, and Novartis. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. Dr. M. Romanos, in the past three years, has served on the speakers' bureau for Janssen-Cilag. In previous years he has served on the speakers' bureau for Medice. Dr. Freitag, in the past 3 years, has served on the speakers' bureau for Eli-Lilly and Co., Shire, Novartis, and Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Mick receives research support from Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, Pfizer, and Shire Pharmaceuticals, and has been an advisory board member for Shire Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Biederman receives research support from Alza, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., McNeil, Merck, Organon, Otsuka, Shire, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In 2009, Dr. Biederman served on the speakers' bureau for Fundacion Areces, Medice Pharmaceuticals, and the Spanish Child Psychiatry Association. In previous years, Dr. Biederman has received research support, consultation fees, or speaker's fees for/from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Celltech, Cephalon, Eli Lilly and Co., Esai, Forest, Glaxo, Gliatech, Janssen, McNeil, the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, New River, Novartis, Noven, Neurosearch, Pfizer, Pharmacia, the Prechter Foundation, Shire, the Stanley Foundation, UCB Pharma, Inc., and Wyeth. Dr. Sergeant has served on the advisory boards for Eli Lilly and Co. and Shire. He has received research grant support from Eli Lilly and Co. and served on the speakers' bureau for Shire, Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen-Cilag, and Novartis. Dr. Oades has received research support from UCB GmbH, Janssen-Cilag, and Shire. Dr. Schäfer has served as a consultant for Daiichi Sankyo, served on the speakers' bureau for the European School of Oncology, and receives research grants from the German Federal Government and the German Research Foundation. Drs. Neale, Medland, Ripke, Asherson, Franke, Lesch, Nguyen, Holmans, Daly, Steinhausen, Reif, Renner, J. Romanos, Walitza, Warnke, Meyer, Palmason, Vasquez, Lambregts-Rommelse, Gill, Anney, Langely, O'Donovan, Williams, Owen, Thapar, Kent, Roeyers, Doyle, Smalley, Loo, Hakonarson, Elia, Todorov, Miranda, Mulas, Ebstein, Rothenberger, Sonuga-Barke, McGough, Nisenbaum, Middleton, Hu, and Nelson report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

PII: S0890-8567(10)00493-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.008

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 9 , Pages 884-897 , September 2010

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